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Explainers

World Toilet Day: Why Open Defecation Keeps Bringing Cholera Back to Nigeria

How cholera spreads is no mystery: about 48 million Nigerians still have no toilet, and the bacteria travel from faeces to water to the next family.

No toilet, more cholera: the link Nigeria keeps ignoring

In many Nigerian communities, the bush behind the house, the gutter or the riverbank is still the toilet. When the rain comes, it all washes towards the well.

That is how cholera spreads. The bacteria leave the body in faeces and come back through water and food. UNICEF says about 48 million Nigerians, including 18 million children, practise open defecation, and more than 95 million lack basic sanitation.

It shows. By late August, NCDC had counted more than 65,000 suspected cholera cases across 35 states this year, most in Borno. “We cannot treat our way out of cholera,” said NCDC Director General Jide Idris.

The fix is not only for the rainy season. Landlords can build and maintain toilets and keep pits away from wells. Households can boil or treat drinking water and wash hands with soap. Read why this year’s cholera outbreak is not over.

This article is for general information and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.

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Sources

  1. The Gazette, "95 million Nigerians lack access to sanitation services: UNICEF", November 19, 2024, https://gazettengr.com/95-million-nigerians-lack-access-to-sanitation-services-unicef/
  2. Leadership, "48m Nigerians practise open defecation: UNICEF", November 2023, https://leadership.ng/48m-nigerians-practise-open-defecation-unicef/
  3. Daily Trust, "Cholera cases decline but outbreak not over: NCDC", August 2026, https://dailytrust.com/cholera-cases-decline-but-outbreak-not-over-ncdc/
  4. Premium Times, "NCDC warns Nigerians as cholera cases surpass 65,000 in 2026", August 28, 2026, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/906045-ncdc-warns-nigerians-as-cholera-cases-surpass-65000-in-2026.html

This does not replace seeing a health worker. If you notice these signs, visit your nearest primary health centre or speak to a doctor or nurse. Any costs mentioned are general estimates and vary by facility and state.

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